1. Motivated by external factors, such as the need to please authority and win extrinsic approval.
2. Follows orders.
3. May lack confidence to function effectively in absence of authority figures: lacks initiative; waits for orders.
4. Self-esteem is defined externally; feels worthwhile only when receiving approval.
5. Feels “I am my behavior”(and somebody else probably made me this way).
6. Difficulty seeing connection between behavior and its consequences.
7. Difficulty seeing choices and options; finds it hard to make decisions.
8. Feelings of helplessness and teacher dependency are common.
9. Operates from an external value system (usually that of someone important to him or her, i.e., “significant others”) that may not be personally appropriate and may even be harmful.
10. Obeys; may think.
11. Lacks confidence in internal signals and in ability to act in own self-interest.
12. Has difficulty predicting outcomes or consequences of actions.
13. Has difficulty understanding or expressing personal needs.
14. Limited ability to get needs met without hurting self or others.
15. Limited negotiation skills; orientation is “You win-I lose.”
16. Compliant.
17. Oriented to avoid punishment, “keeping teacher off my back.”
18. May experience conflict between internal and external needs (what I want versus what teacher wants); may experience guilt or rebelliousness.
19. May make poor choices to avoid disapproval or abandonment (to make my friends like me more).

The Responsible Student is characterized by the following traits:

1. Motivated by internal factors, such as the need to weigh choices and experience personal consequences.
2. Makes choices.
3. More confident to function effectively in the absence of authority; takes initiative.
4. Self-esteem: defined internally- worthwhile with or without approval (or even with disapproval).
5. Knows “I am not my behavior, although I am responsible for how I behave.”
6. Better able to see the connection between behavior and its consequences.
7. Better able to see choices and options and to make decisions.
8. Personal sense of empowerment and independence is common.
9. Operates from internal value system (what is best or safest for him or her), while being considerate of the needs and values of others.
10. Thinks; may obey.
11. Has confidence in internal signals and in ability to act in own self-interest.
12. Better able to predict outcomes or consequences of actions.
13. Better able to understand and express personal needs.
14. Better able to take care of own needs without hurting self or others.
15. Better developed negotiation skills; orientation is “You win-I win.”
16. Cooperative.
17. Commitment to the task, experiencing outcome of positive choosing.
18. Better able to resolve conflict between internal and externalneeds (what I want versus what the teacher wants); less inclined to guilt or rebelliousness.
19. May make poor choices to experience personal consequences and to satisfy curiosity.